![]() We use a case study that reveals evidence of a high level of illegal shark fishing within a shark sanctuary to motivate a framework for urgently needed surveillance and enforcement to ensure that the protections promised to sharks within sanctuary borders are realized. Still others urged skeptics to “give shark sanctuaries a chance,” arguing that a moratorium on all shark products is easier and less resource-intensive to enforce than typical fisheries management strategies (Chapman et al., 2013). ![]() Almost immediately, the capacity for shark sanctuaries to effectively conserve and rebuild shark populations was questioned due to insufficient monitoring and enforcement (Davidson, 2012 Dulvy, 2013) – a position supported by indirect evidence that shark populations in the first sanctuary were still threatened by fishing (Vianna, Meekan, Ruppert, Bornovski, & Meeuwig, 2016). Since 2009, sixteen countries have established sanctuaries that ban commercial fishing of sharks within entire exclusive economic zones (EEZs), covering >3% of the ocean (Ward-Paige & Worm, 2017). ![]() With shark fishing efforts unrelenting and a quarter of shark species threatened with extinction (Dulvy et al., 2014), “shark sanctuaries” have arisen as an ambitious attempt to curtail further declines (Ward-Paige, 2017).
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